生与死之间
晚上开车回家的时候,天色大暗,厚厚的乌云压住天空,你可以看见的是那云层间隙的稀薄的光亮, 有如贝多芬《命运》那雄厚的乐章深处突然轻快的几个音符。黄叶落了一地,风吹动的时候,在公路上辗转飞舞,象挣扎着某种牵系,来来往往的车灯光打在上面,尤若精灵。
从这扇门,到那一扇门,你只看见了风。而命运在千道门之后。
车里照例有音乐,就含了泪。
关于王崴的意外离世,我说纪念的人太多了,好像在说就是忙于表达而非真心了。而George说,他会上天堂的。有时间还是要为他写些什么,那怕他老婆看见知道有那么多人纪念他,把文字保留起来的呢?
我相信他会上天堂的,那样认真追寻他的的理想的人,在泡网看见他发一些有份量的帖子,却从来不见他大声喧哗。而我们纪念死者,却是为着生着的人。
为保留他生的记忆,为着他爱的人,也为着从此后意外活着的人。
那小心活着,的勇气和认真。把喜好和理想都那么一个字一个字罗列起来的人,你知道他曾经给生多少意义和内容。
其实对于王崴,我和他素不相识。假如硬有些联系,便是因为曾经在青参写过专栏,而那时候青参上王崴常常发表一些和电影有关的好莱坞评论。因为看青参的电子版,也会把其他部分翻看一遍,自然注意到王崴。他的评论从来不是单纯的一篇影评,往往会隶属典故,和陈年积痕,知识量有些象毛尖,却又更紧密,更喜怒不色。那时候,因为他对市场的反应极快,信息量又大,以为是一个美国作者。后来在泡网,偶尔见过他和别人对话,才对上了号。
所谓以字相见。有些人的字无所谓有无,有些人的字是让人亲爱,有些人的字让人可惜那一点才气和形骇,有些人的字让你感叹那些岁月生出的老和不诚实…而仅仅从我个人的阅读来说,只觉得他的认真,和对文字的敬重。
不是为了纪念而纪念,也不是为了此文成为上百篇的祭文之一。
我想说这文更多是因为了那一份感动;为了那个留在他身后,想给他生一个孩子的那个女子。也许死亡对那些依然活着的同年纪的我们来说,最后的震撼乃是:我们如此脆弱,而当生命离去的时候,是不是有一个爱人落着泪握着我们的手。
安替说:这个女人在我心中,早已倾国倾城。

而那个男子又何不倾国倾城,假如你知道这一刻的离去,又怎么不愿意以一生去善待他。尤其这一生,也许短短到明天呢?
因此现在请向我们披露我们自己,告诉我们你所知道的生与死之间的一切(纪伯伦.先知)
以生者之眼去看死亡,依然看见的是生。那生死之间的一切,依然是生留下的痕迹,生活,和爱的人。
而他在天堂惦念的不会是你我,而是生时他爱的人。
Live as if you were going to die tomorrow.
活着,仿佛你明天将面对死亡。
工作狂的周记
这一个星期一直在生病,喉咙疼,声音沙哑得象TINA TURNA。可是我面不改色得去上班,谁让我设计的报告到现在都做不完。老板也被别的部门逼得急,据说另外一部门的J。D。有问题从来就是直接打小报告给VP。所以他和颜悦色的说,你好像比昨天好一些了─都是没有良心的人。但是我除了抱怨也只能服气,这是和考试一样胜败明显的事情,做不完就继续做,没有别的选择啊。
周一下班给杂志加班,生了病效率就低,李赛凤的专访用了N个小时还没有整理出来。看见他们在改我做得移民调查,打印稿子上密密麻麻的修改的红字,那是受访者修改的。我探了一下头,明白原来修改的不是错字,所有我当时笔录的笔记都被修改了一遍。人生真不诚实的让人恐惧。
周二在公司加班,因为星期三要向另外一个部门汇报。:(
周三上课。好像都是很明白的东西,就是作业都没有做。
周四和发行人JJ吃饭。事情比我想象的复杂,但是我喜欢这份杂志。
周五文化中心建馆13周年。本来是很不想去的,功课没有作,采访没有整理,书的目录还没有整理全。只是因为想到也许有机会锁定下一个访谈的目标,才换了衣服出席。唐人街其实有活动,没有几个是我喜欢参加的。
周6终于可以到山里看秋天的叶子,估计没有几个周末在冬天到来之前了。
天气渐冷,依然咳嗽,但是看着山景感觉温暖。下午和朋友通电话,说王崴去世了。心里一紧。感觉迷茫。
看论坛上的帖子,眼窝太浅,留了好多泪。尤其是王太太非要给王崴留一个孩子的那部分,心里全是怜惜。以为懂得,那种深爱。爱一个人的时候,很多话想说说不出,会说,跟你私奔了吧。或者想给很多又不知道怎么给,会说:给你生个孩子吧。不是小资,而是心地的痛,生命的重。
晚上被WENDY拉去一个聚会,当然全是KPMG,E&Y之流,WENDY说她年第可能会派北京几个月,心情不佳。我们公司北京的办事处怎么不开大一点呢?
周日,上午,没有吃早饭,在信箱里面回信。居然一攒一个星期。
下午要去买菜,再到公司去整理一下工作。
以前上大学的一个朋友说,你这样的让自己忙会变态的。而且你已经有种种迹象了。我觉得我到变态边缘那一天,一定会让自己松手,然后拉住那个人说:我不工作了你养我。
岁月河底奔跑的鱼
已经很久没有这种疼爱的感觉了,在这样昏天黑地的忙碌里,在忙碌依然要衣着整齐笑容健康的三好学生一般的生活状态里。有的时候,坚强也是一种虚伪,它开放得有如一朵勉强的素丝花。

所以感动有如呼吸。在吵杂的背景里,我努力的听着你的声音,虽然场地和气氛都如此无依无据,然而我依然看见一条岁月的河水清澈见底,而你是怎么样
游动的呢?那姿态仿佛是一条会奔跑的鱼。
你告诉我,千百次─你在落日的黄昏中不知道身在哪里。
你告诉我你摔痛了一次,下一次就不把爱放在路上。
你告诉我其实生命是因为走了很多辛苦之后,才更简单得感到幸福。
所以,我告诉你我看动画片都会掉眼泪。千寻在一条行走水铺成道路的的列车上,四周天色如潋,水光滟滟,那一刻你不知道去向何地,然而你害怕过吗?你哭泣过吗?我没有告诉你的是,我的心头微微的疼痛。
那一刻,你疼爱过别人,下一刻会用来痛惜自己。
生命中总有一些什么值得疼爱。也许是那个哭泣的孩子,也许是刚开放的花,
也许是一个走过很多道路落过泪依然大声说笑的女子─假如她告诉你,其实很多个黄昏,生命一瞬空白。你不知身在何处。
生命中总有一些情节值得疼爱。你小心翼翼,你轻拿轻放,你欲走还留,不是那个人那段伤,而是那一刻付出过得彻底。
他们说寂寞的人才上网。而每个人其实都有寂寞的刀疤。
你要看锡安─我们守护的圣城;你的眼必见耶路撒冷,为安静的居所,为不挪移的帐篷。
我庆幸我并不是守护的唯一一个。
或许是爱疼了寂寞,才疼爱了岁月河底,那条会奔跑的鱼。
If I can stop one heart from breaking,
I shall not live in vain:
If I can ease one life the aching,
Or cool one pain,
Or help one fainting robin
Unto his nest again,
I shall not live in vain.
--Emily Dickinson
What makes a woman's quotation worth remembering? What quotes inspired me to put them in a set called "Women's Voices"?
My first assumption is that it's worthwhile to hear women's voices, and my second assumption is that those voices have been too often ignored — in general quotation collections and in common use. And because those voices have been ignored, it might be possible to imagine that women were less vocal, less wise, less inspirational than the many men who are widely quoted.
The quotes I've included — the women's voices — were chosen for a number of reasons.
Some are by women whose names are familiar — or should be familiar. I've chosen many of the quotes because they help illustrate who the woman is, what she thought, and what contributions she made to history. For instance, under Susan B. Anthony, famous for her leadership of the American woman suffrage movement, I've included her well-known "Men their rights and nothing more; women their rights and nothing less."
Sometimes, too, I've included a quote from a famous woman that illustrates another side than the one history knows well. Famous women may seem distant and intimidating — nothing like you or me — until we hear their voices expressing emotions and ideas more typical of everyday life. You'll find Louisa May Alcott's words, "I am angry nearly every day of my life, but I have learned not to show it; and I still try to hope not to feel it, though it may take me another forty years to do it." She's human, too!
Some of the quotes illustrate women's history, both as it happened, and, sometimes, as it might have happened. Abigail Adams wrote to her husband, John Adams, while he was off with the men writing the Constitution, "Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors." What if he'd listened to her, and women had been made citizens at that time?
Some quotes illustrate women's experience and women's lives. Billie Holiday tells us, "Sometimes it's worse to win a fight than to lose." Pearl Buck says, "I love people. I love my family, my children . . . but inside myself is a place where I live all alone and that's where you renew your springs that never dry up."
Some, by talking about their reaction to men, also shed light on women's experience. Listen to actress Lee Grant: "I've been married to one Marxist and one Fascist, and neither one would take the garbage out."
Some are from those "uppity women" and express their views. Charlotte Whitten, mayor of Ottawa, is the source of this oft-quoted sentiment: "Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult."
Some illustrate their work. When a writer reads, from Virginia Woolf, about her experience, we may understand our own work better: "It is worth mentioning, for future reference, that the creative power which bubbles so pleasantly in beginning a new book quiets down after a time, and one goes on more steadily. Doubts creep in. Then one becomes resigned. Determination not to give in, and the sense of an impending shape keep one at it more than anything."
Some I've included because they express the human condition and women's experience with good humor. There's Joan Rivers, telling us "I hate housework! You make the beds, you do the dishes — and six months later you have to start all over again." And Mae West, in her familiar "Too much of a good thing can be wonderful."
今天下了一天的雨,你简直不敢相信这是一个号称“阳光之城” 的地方。
你总记得天很蓝很高,云朵白而丰满。最美丽的时刻是你开着车,绿色的平原后是黛色的落基山脉,而白色的云朵压得要落在公路上来。有人说,这里的风景和瑞士很相象。这里唯独没有的是那些欧洲的古堡,和公主骑士的传说,那些古老的战场和死亡。它年青而天真,让你心无杂想,以为日子很长,可以数年不变的流浪。
然而,竟然下了两天雨,星期五从公司的阳光屋顶看见雨不停流动的痕迹,开始惆怅。我是那么的惧怕雨,甚于惧怕黑夜。因为深夜里还有灯光,或者星光,你觉得即使丢失了,也是丢失在自己家的某个地方。下雨天,你觉得心是湿漉漉地,长发会长出蘑菇,日子好像穿梭的格外的快,人完全没有安全感。这个时候似乎是只有家里,厚厚的被子里,耳朵里面塞满音乐里才觉得安全。
下午就那么抱着被子听着雨睡去,雨声和风声太响,窗前的那棵高大的丁香花树好像一直在哭。好像自己临着一个山涧,下面是淙淙的流水,山风清凉,日似月光,摇摇欲坠的那样轻而漂浮。醒来的时候,突然觉得一梦之间错过了很多事情。很多很多的事情,很多很多的人,却不知道是什么,只是发呆。
蒙蒙钝钝的从CD堆里拣了一盘CD,最近一直在听英文的CD,中文CD都积了好多灰。恰好有一盘刘若英,梳头整理之间,突然听见她唱“託你的福 我不哭 不怕辛苦 眼淚於事無助 自己走這一段路。”
转过身看那CD,是刘若英的《听说》,他们说她是一个太过整洁而嫁不出去的女子。就像一个最新爱上的女孩上一次说:我刚说了自己有一个男朋友,那个女人就扑将上来问我年薪多少,家世如何。真不明白那些男人怎么忍受这样的恶俗。其实恶俗或者是长得不好,都没有什么错。或者是干脆是福气,生命被添的很简单和实在,为别人的男朋友的年薪操心就不会为一首歌伤感。
那首歌唱:
這裡我不會留太久
早就想好 要走的路
全心付出 不怕苦 去找幸福
我看見在不遠處
一路慶幸 貴人幫助
一路也有人勸退出
託你的福 我不哭 不怕辛苦
眼淚於事無助
自己走這一段路
如果我孤獨 別只為我哭
給我你一句祝福
這一條路 是未知數
沒有人擁有地圖
我明白現在自己身在何處
我很在乎 走這條路
有天能找到幸福
臉上每個表情都可以回顧
都有我的故事 我會找到幸福
歌名叫做:幸福的路。暗笑,幸福确是那种你叫的越响越得不到的东西。它毕竟不象考托福,几百个学生挤在一个礼堂,一道道德作那些模拟试题。它没有提纲,也没有标准答案,考高分的都是那些很少温习功课的女生。
打开信箱,看见一个将远行的朋友送的一首诗。
黄色的树林里分出两条路/可惜我不能同时去涉足 /我在那路口久久伫立/我向着一条路极目望去/直到它消失在丛林深处
但我却选择了另外一条路/它荒草萋萋,十分幽寂 /显得更诱人,更美丽/虽然在这两条小路上/都很少留下旅人的足迹
虽然那天清晨落叶满地/两条路都未经脚步污染 /呵,留下一条路等改日再见!/ 但我知道路径延绵无尽头/恐怕我难以再返回
也许多少年后在某个地方/我将轻声叹息将往事回顾/一片树林里分出两条路——/而我选择了人迹更少的一条/从此决定了我一生的道路
是罗伯特•弗洛斯特的The Road Not Taken
TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth; 5
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same, 10
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back. 15
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference
一条是幸福的路,一条是ROADNOTTAKEN,心中戚戚。
关于中加贸易关系加拿大的声音
我觉得加拿大的知识分子看书少,好像捧本克林顿的《我的生活》同时听着IPOD在轻轨里已经是一副上进白领的样子了。当然最好腰里最好再别一只BLACKBARRY。象我的好兄弟BOB那样研究古典音乐中期和黑人摇滚的地域分别的人毕竟太少了。上一次他说他要再回学校去作一个新研究,题目叫做古典音乐和经济人的关系,我说你不如直接研究古典音乐和SOX的关系。但是就是这样没事还研究日本天皇的族谱的加拿大人也认为中国有很多商业间谍,他曾经多次在同事喝酒的时候说JOY就是一中国间谍,我每每回答他:政治就是肮脏的,你千万别告诉我加拿大人多纯洁。补充一句,他当然是看BBC新闻和环球邮报说的 。
而Andrea 的老公在没去U OF V 教HR 政治学(这是什么怪学科) 之前在U OF C教政治学。因为去过几次中国,俄罗斯,一见到我就要把椅子向桌前拉几下,一连严肃的讨论中国货币和远东关系。他说远东的近几年的聚焦点全在朝鲜半岛,我问不在台湾海峡?他就马上开始画出地图,告诉我据他的理解形式是这样的,一讲数十分钟,我比较悲哀的看着这个据说是哈佛毕业的高材生,原来天下的书呆子都一样,当然在加拿大算是稀少,我更愿意听他讲最后一个在南北韩边境跑Z字型闯关的美国人,据说那次是最后一次南北韩边境开火。下一次他看见我,是正全国人民上街“抗日”游行的时候,他比较歉意的说,他觉得日本人太对不起中国人了,虽然他们也曾经对不起日本人(二战的时候把平民集中关押) ,但是他还是觉得日本人不应该进入联合国常理,他认为也是没戏的事情。一个讲亚洲关系只关注到朝鲜半岛的人,突然谈起日本人对中国人的歉意,当然是新闻媒体的热炒。
对于不太读书的加拿大人来说,大概报纸和电视才是更直接的信息来源,尤其是一些在他们视野之外的地方。如果说,你想知道加拿大主流在说什么,那么就看专栏作家和大学教授在说什么,其实即使是大学教授他对不熟悉领域的了解也来自于报纸。我们看看报纸在说什么,
Globe and mail的著名专栏作家John Ibbitson的评论文章题目为Get those China Stars out of your eyes
注意题目用的是China Stars,有一点轻蔑的意思。
在加美,加中的贸易关系中,他更倾向于加美的合作,理由如下,
1, 地理距离。Most Canadians live within a few hours drive,大部分加拿大人开车几个小时就可以到美国,而香港到加拿大的温哥华要13个小时的飞行时间。
没错,加拿大的人口一半以上居住在加美边境附近。
(到北京只要11小时) 。他当然不会说CPR和CP SHIP是怎么盈利的,上个季度CPR比去年同期增长40%的利润,可是业务中44%来自香港台湾和中国。加拿大的贸易部长上个星期还在上海说,“温哥华港口是全美洲距离中国最近的一个港口。”
2, 语言。和美国人做生意你应该会用英语,和中国人作生意你应该用中文。
很新鲜啊,大部分人加拿大人都不会说日语,但他们开日本车。
3, 经济状态。美国人在为贸易逆差而挣扎,这会weaken他们的经济实力。而中国银行体系的贷款的坏帐死帐高达GDP的44%,去抵销这部分坏帐死帐会Cripple他们的经济实力。
一个Weaken 一个Cripple,用词用得居心叵测。
美国的经济最明显的并不是贸易逆差的问题,他为什么不说一说去年美国和中国的政府财政税收呢?为什么不讨论一下为什么美元一直走低?为什么不比较一下两国的Retail Sales Index,Industrial Production,NAPM呢?当然有选择性的比较,而且不是同类比,挺糊弄人。
4, 党派。美国执政党是共和党;而中国是共产党,而没有其他党。
所以呢,我奇怪
5, 美国和加拿大已经做了200年的贸易了,目前是“the largest and most integrated trading relationship in the world。而中国和加拿大才做了20年的贸易,目前是第十大贸易夥伴。
这真是一个往自己脸上帖金的比较。加拿大人一直在头疼自己经济上对美国的依赖性和受制于人。连生产一个“加拿大啤酒”都要大声疾呼来唤起加拿大人那一点点自卑阴影下的民族自尊心。很多人在喝咖啡的时候都会强调去“ SECOND CUP” 那是我们自己的咖啡店,我们去BAY 买东西,那是我们自己的店。加拿大自己的品牌少到要每个加拿大人都有些心疼的地位。美国在“自由贸易圈” 幌子下对临边国家的持强凌弱,不说远70年代因为对石油的控制造成ALBERTA省石油的惨淡,仅仅说最近它领头对ALBERTA牛肉的禁运和BC省软木的禁运带来的巨大经济损失,就足够扇加拿大人自己耳光的。更不要说,美国对自己的农业保护而设置的种种进口指标,据说为了保护他们的糖业农民,加拿大产品高过一定糖含量的都不可以进口美国。而美国的5大汽车生产商都在东部建有汽车配件厂,那仅仅是因为在加拿大可以少付一些福利,相当于一个工人一个工时少付一块美元。
6, 在美国投资将得到法律和法则的保护,而在中国投资你得到的是胡先生的口头保证。
Anyone investing in the U.S. economy is protected by the rule of law,. Anyone investing in the Chinese economy is protected by Mr. Hu’s word.
这一条够妖言惑众了吧,我都不知道怎么评论。那IBM和摩托罗拉怎么在北京中心商业区有那么高的商业大厦?
7, 环境问题,虽然美国和中国都没有加入“东京条约” 但是美国已经致力于改善空气和水的质量,而中国治理这些环境需要花费7-10%的GDP。而中国90%的河流都高度污染,1/5的人口没有卫生的引用水。
我有点遗憾他最后一条理由是 “ Preserving the environment is good business and helps determine quality of life” 而不是contributing social benefit。这段话的含糊地点是,因为中国的环境不好,而美国的环境好,quality of life这个是为中国老百姓考虑呢?还是为加拿大投资者考虑呢?也就是说那种环境差的地方最好别去呢?我记得我们学国际贸易的时候,有一条是那个国家政局的稳定以可以保证的发展经济的投资环境还包括人身安全。很出乎意料的是他选择了把中国自然环境和污染数落了一遍。他即没有提到中国劳力的LOW PAY也没一下有提到人权问题,却比较了一下山青水秀。我也是后来才理解,关于中国人民的“人权”是马丁叔叔的和那些现场记者的问题。
总之你看了看了这些评论还是挺失望的,上次达赖来加拿大的时候,也有一个女专栏作家说过我们不能因为WALMART里面的廉价货物而不坚持我们要的人权的自由。很可惜,你发现还是亲美的声音占着主流。
天色将暗的时候是让人绝望的。
玉色的天空,镶金的云朵,140公里的时速和音乐开不出去的,高速公路没有一个出口不哭泣。
悲伤的人是透明的,你低头可以看见自己的脉络。暗红色的河流终于在暮色中流过街道,城市,黛色的山脉,在夜里汇聚成松涛一样的歌,你是多少次以为爱一个人是纯真的。
可是我爱,在最亲近的时候你也无法挽救我。那因为美和悲哀潜入身体深处冰冷,那不能够十指触及的距离,那最脆弱高昂的末梢,不属于我。属于孤独。
你听见瓷器摔碎的声音,别哭泣。
你听见石柱断裂的声音,别惊慌。
你看见月色下月桂的阴影,别转身。
那不是一个黑暗的国度,那不是一个末日开始的地方。那仅仅是岁月滋长,仅仅是故事书的书页翻转,仅仅是雅典的盛殿的大理石柱的倒塌;那仅仅是在夜色中眼神模糊而射伤了自己的爱人的女箭手。
而白天我是一个健康而面色红润的农妇,忙碌的没有时间打扮没有时间把散乱的长发编成麻花形状。我从城市的这端走到那端,把每片窗子都擦净,把每个街道的门廊都铭记,我忙得没有时间理会谁在说谎,谁在演戏,我愿意收到别人的假币再从窗口撒花一样的扔出去。或者我仅仅担心岁月让我苍老,腰肢不再纤细,满头的长发都掉光,爱情是一件男耕女作得事情,我仅仅担心你的粮食够不够换一件蓝底白花的衣裳。
但是红色三文鱼从深海又迂回河流,我一次一次的把瓷器摔碎再粘合,月桂树阴影的树杈见涂满粉笔的痕迹。我们都说完美是徒劳的,可是一夜你总要有五分钟让自己心痛,一生总要有一个错误让自己不能下世转生。农妇只有离开你的目光的时候,才到达自己悲哀不及的地方。
上升或坠落,那不以你为答案的问题,是上帝出的。
如果不是为了我们的报纸,我才不会用中文写这样的商业报告。
:(比写风花雪月的麻烦而且没有趣
缩小贫富差距第一步
--中国个人所得税改革
中国目前的贫富悬殊状况严重
2005年6月中国统计局数据显示,中国的贫富差距在不断扩大。《人民日报》引述中国国家统计局所发表的报告说,目前最富裕的百分之十人口的平均年收入,是最贫困百分之十人口的十倍。
报道并说,中国最富裕的百分之十人口占有全国财富的百分之四十五;最贫穷的百分之十的人口所占有的财富仅为百分之一点四。中国国家统计局的还预计:贫富差距在未来十年还将进一步扩大。
虽然很多中国民众把现在的贫富严重不均归咎于官员贪污腐败,但是中国很多现行的财经制度也并没有合理的将社会资产再分配,个人所得税体系就是其中一项。曾经有国外的经济学家说过:中国的富人比例并不比其他西方国家低,但是中国富人的税收负担在世界上是最轻的。
相对于西方税收体系健全的国家来说,个人所得税主要是根据个人的年收入来课税,实行累进税率,收入越高,纳税越多,最后达到“劫富济贫” ─社会财富再分配的目的。而目前,中国的各税制度似乎行而反之,低收入的工薪阶层和高收入的工薪阶层的个人所得税上并没有拉开应有的距离。个人所得税的调节功能在中国几乎完全丧失,被人评价为比较严重的“贫富倒挂”现象。
中国贪官污吏的腐败数目也许永远是一个天文数字的“灰色地带” ,我们知道消除这种现象的需要一个长久而决绝的过程,那几乎是一个“顽疾”。但是中国不合理、不科学的个人所得税的税收制度却是白纸黑字,纳税收入的比例就是平常百姓也可以计算和掂量出来。相对而言,这就是一个更容易对症下药的小疾病。因此,如果处理合理,那将是可以立竿见影的见到疗效的一项改革。
中国人大从8月23日起对个人所得税法改革,修改主要涉及两项内容:将工薪所得减除费用标准从800元提高到1500元;要求高收入者自行申报。这两点修改案很明显是为了减低中低收入的工薪的纳税的纳税压力,而试图从高收入工薪阶层中收取更高比例的所得税。在一定程度上会改善中国个人收入税的不合理和缓解因个人收入产生的分配不公。
虽然“均贫富” 的愿望,离我们的现实状况过于遥远,而这多少对于贫富悬殊日渐严重的中国有所帮助。
中国的个人所得税概括
2004年中国个人所得税收入1,737.05亿元,同比增收319.87亿元,增长22.6%。从收入规模上看,个人所得税已成为中国第四大税种,个人所得税占中国税收的比重也由1994年的1.6%,迅速提升至2004年的6.75%。
据报道,个人所得税收入主要集中在东部沿海地区。地税部门负责征收的个人所得税排名列前10位的分别为广东、上海、北京、浙江、江苏、山东、福建、辽宁、河北和天津,共征收 1,069.95亿元,占个人所得税收入的75 .55%。重点税源地区的个人所得税仍然保持较快增长速度。广东、上海、北京、浙江、江苏、山东等地的个人所得税收入均保持20%以上增长速度。
改革后一览表
随着近年中国的经济飞速发展,中国的个人人均收入也相应提高。中国现行的800元个税起征点还是1980年制定的,这个数字是当时中国城镇居民人均月收入的20倍。 25年来,城镇居民的人均收入增长了几十倍,但个税起征点仍沿用。因此个税所得税早已经落后于现今社会个人收入水平,以及高低收入的定义。就仿佛是一个长大了的青年人,现在穿着童年时候的衣服,捉襟见肘。
还因此个人所得税改革,势在必行。
个人所得税改革空间
著名经济学家刘遵义曾经指出,个人所得税在国民经济中发挥着筹集财政资金、调节再分配和稳定宏观经济三大作用。因此个人所得税不但关系到中国的千家万户的工薪阶级的收入水平和生活水准,直接关系到中国国民经济的基金筹建,再分配;同时也会间接的关系到中国的社会福利,包括教育、医疗、治安、社会保险和老人福利等。
过去十几年是的中国经济发展最迅速的十年,而十年前月收入800元,年收入近万是一个富人的概念,大家都还记得“万元户” 这个词当年是多么可望不可及的一个梦想。而现在月收入800元,在中国的大城市几乎是贫困的代言词,即使在小城镇,也仅仅够最普通的消费水平。你可以想象,向这样生活艰难的收入者收税,实际是雪上加霜。因此将征税点提高到1,500元,对于低收入的城乡劳动者减少了税务的压力的福音。
于此同时,财政部税务司司长史耀威透露,按2004年税收水平计算,如果个税起征点提高到1,500元,“意味着国家一年税收收入将减少200多亿元”。那么,此次个人所得税的改革是以政府的个税收入为代价的,也就是说它在满足了更为合理的分配社会财富的时候,筹集财政资金的能力却降低了。我们可以联想到美国去年在小布什的主持下进行的“减税计划” ,虽然那是一个被普遍认为有利于美国富人的计划,但是带来的结果是政府加剧了的政府财政赤字,因此被认为是不成功的税务计划。能够更好的服务于更普遍的人群,并使得国家财政资金无损,使得个税的几个作用同时发挥,才是一个最佳的改革方案。从这一点上,个税改革还有待改进。
在中国个人所得税的可喜改革的第一步即将实行的时候,和国外的税务制度相比,我们还可以看见它还仅仅是婴儿学步,还有很多路需要走。
第一, 税收地域性的不公。
一个青海的工薪劳动者要和一个上海的工薪劳动者从同一个起点,以同一个税率交税,是否合理?我们都知道北京,上海的人均收入远远高于中国其他省份,而中国内陆省份的经济发展不均,一直是一个尚待改善的问题。
在人均收入接近,生活水平相对平均的加拿大,不同省份不但要交纳同一比例的联邦税,也同时有比例不同的省税。虽然,这是一个加拿大政府和中国政治体制的不同,在地域经济发展严重不均的中国,个税“一刀切” 的做法并不能帮助或者说解决中国内陆省份发展的不平衡。从长远看,从个人所得税的体系控制,应该有更聪明和灵活的方法来促进这些地域发展。
第二, 纳税收入时间段的不同
目前中国个人所得税的改革依然是以月收入为基础,它和西方国家普遍的年收入为基础依然有所差距。假如有一个人,上半年打工的工资是每月3,000元,但后半年转入学校去学习,没有工资收入。那么他其实在上半年交了10%的税,而没有工作的时候,他也并没有因为到他上半年交了税而得到应有收益。 相对于加拿大以年税为纳税基础 ,假如工作半年,那么就会以18,000的年收入交税, 那么他交税的总额就没有以月收入计算的数额高。假如这个人因为失业而不再工作,那么在他的失业前工作和纳税后,他还可以领取失业保险金,也就是他所交的个税被政府有效的转换成一种福利,并能够及时的给纳税者以支援。
第三,纳税个体单位的有待改进
个人所得税在中国是按照个人来纳税的,但实际上按照家庭来纳税更合理、更公平。虽然各个的家庭支出会非常不同,但在特定的时间段,每个家庭都会有固定的大笔支出,比如孩子上大学期间、家庭里有老人要赡养、家庭成员因为生病而大笔医疗费支出,购买房子支出贷款等等。
这些在加拿大的个税体系中都有很好的体现,比如年幼孩子的“保姆费” 按照孩子的年龄段,1-12岁都有避税金额都有所不同。当孩子长大上了大学,父母可以用把他们的学费用来抵税,如果有赡养老人,那么一个以家庭也可以拿到相应的抵税部分。
而最重要的一点,在西方国家,以一个家庭为纳税单位下,即使这个家庭里只有两个成员(没有孩子,也没有老人) ,那么他们每个人的纳税比例还是要比他们两个人单身的时候低。这是西方个税的一个最明显的特点之一,那就是单身汉总是在他同等收入人群中交纳最高比例的所得税。
无论这对于单身人士是否合理,这对于我们这个依然以家庭单位为社会主体的来说,这样的纳税单位应该更有益于社会的安定和长远建设。
第四, 将来价值的税务体现
中国人虽然是世界上最喜欢存钱的民族,但是却缺乏对将来价值观和发展的筹划。因此西方税务体系中现行的一些将来价值项目,值得中国个人所得税改革借鉴。
比如一个在校大学生的学费可以积累成为将来的抵税金额,在他走出校门参加工作以后,学费加上他在学习期间的学时折换金额都可以作为退税额来抵销他的收入。同时这个学费抵税期还没有时间期限。那么他在上班时,非全职学习的学费还可以留到将来继续抵税。与此同时,加拿大的养老保险计划(RRSP) 的避税功能一样,也就是说今天存入未来支出的保险金就可以从今年的收入部分中除去,直到他在养老提出这部份款额的时候,才会被要求报税。
第五, “累进” 税率过于繁琐
目前中国对工资薪金实行5%至45%的九级超额累进税率,层级太多造成税务手续繁琐。而纵观美国和加拿大的税务制度,美国美国的个税累进税率分为10%、15%、25%、34%和35%五级,而各级别的划分界线也因申报方式(夫妇联合申报、个人申报或家庭户主申报)的不同而异。而加拿大的个人累进税率仅分为四个进阶16%、22%、26% 、29% 四级。
按照其他国家的税务经验,尤其是德国和法国的繁琐“累进” 的税务经验,往往累进税率的相关管理越复杂,计税困难和纳税成本。往往在繁简税收制度之间,成本─收益权衡之间有一个最佳平衡点。而专家认为现行税法规定的35%、40%和45%这最高的三档税率适用的纳税人非常少,三档累进税率更没必要。
各国个人所得税的比较
虽然说45%的最高所得税率可以和大部分发达国家相持平,这并不能够表明中国个税的改革已经达到社会资产再分配的合理化。
因为在美国,高收入者依然是所得税纳税的主体。据统计,年收入在10万美元以上的群体所缴纳的税款每年占美国全部个人税收总额的60%以上,是美国税收最重要来源。也就是说,美国政府每年的巨大的财政来源主要依然是占人口少数的富人缴纳的,而不是占纳税总人数绝大部分的普通工薪阶层。
相比较,2004年中国个人所得税收入1737亿元,其中65%来自工薪阶层;而占总收入一半以上的高收入者,缴纳的个人所得税仅占20%。另据广东省地税局日前公布的消息,2004年广东省共征收个人所得税239.6亿元,其中约70%即168亿元来自工薪阶层。
据专家测算,个人所得税法修正案如果得到通过,个税起征点上调至1500元,工薪阶层将继续占据纳税主体的地位。和西方国家的“劫富济贫” 的纳税原则还有一定差距。
无论如何,我们已经看见中国个人所得税制度开始进行了第一步的改革,并且是向着更科学和合理的方向前进。和中国个税同时发展的,还应该有中国纳税人的纳税意识和习惯。和所有先进的制度体系,西方的税务制度也经过了漫长的修补,成熟期,并且在今天也依然随时按照经济发展和要求做着改进和修改。
因此我们可以拭目以待个人所得税的改革,并希望这个改革继续进行下去,最终达到普惠大众,平缩小贫富差距的作用。
我们的心很柔和
---纪念严文井老人
严文井老人,中国著名童话家,1939年在延安鲁迅艺术学院文学系任教。1945一1951年任《东北日报》副总编辑。到北京后历任《人民文学》主编、人民文学出版社社长等职,散文集《严文井散文选》,童话集《南南和胡子伯伯》,长篇小说《一个人的烦恼》等。于2005年7月20日,北京逝世。
我们的爸爸妈妈们都读过严文井老人的童话。
我们这一代,虽然也许更喜欢郑渊洁的现代童话版,但是也都读过他写的《小溪流的歌》,那诗歌一样的童话。我正是因此记得他的。
听到严文井老人去世的消息的时候,朋友告诉我严文井的外孙女小丁也在卡尔加里。是一个很爽朗的北京女孩,你应该见见她。听从朋友的指点,我到网上去看了看那个女孩,发现她的签名档(网上用于表达个性的简介)是:我们的心很柔和,还要继续保持柔和。那是严文井老人写给他去世的爱人--小丁的外婆的纪念文字。她在怀念逝去的外公和外婆,用一种没有眼泪的方式。其实文字是心灵的泪水,悲哀的人的文字是透明的。
终于约到了小丁,那个爽朗的象个男孩般的女孩。
她坐在咖啡馆里给我们讲关于她的外公的片段,也讲外公对她的嘱托。我偶尔会打断她的话,因为她的故事中的某一处,某一刻会让我想起我自己的外公。
我们的心很柔和,亲人和亲情是我们心中最柔软的部分。
童年的游戏厅
小的时候,一年有4次我们全家必然会在外公那里团聚,就是每逢五一节、中秋节、元旦、春节。每一次外公家里都会事先准备好很多好吃的,那个时候外公的家里有桔子的汽水喝,你可以想象那对我们是多么大的诱惑。
自从1949年新中国成立,外公一家就住在东总布胡同南小街,一住40年。那是一套平房,我还记得一进门就是一个客厅,左手边是他们的睡房,右手是他们的书房。还有一套庭院。
我小的时候,每次去看外公,他家里都有客人。朦胧诗派的北岛,舒婷,江河…我都见过,他们每次和外公聊天,聊完了就和我们家人一起吃饭,很热闹。
儿时在外公家过节的时候的程序无外乎小孩子们自己游戏,而大人们做饭,等一切都准备好了就全家在一起吃饭,吃完饭就再开始全家人联欢。
每个家都出节目,在客厅里即性表演。小孩子要给大家唱歌,跳舞的表演节目。外公也表演节目,他用蛋糕盒子折成帽子,给我们表演捉老鼠,那是他自编自演一个短剧,很生动;而外婆就给我们唱“让我们荡起双桨”。客厅里的游戏表演完了,大家就到院子里面放烟火庆祝节日,等烟火都放完了之后,小孩子也玩累了才回家。
小时候,我们不是经常可以看见外公,而他们家里的节日又这样热闹,饭菜又好吃,所以对于小孩子来说,我们还是非常盼望去过节。上一次到他家和下一次到他家之间就是想:什么时候再去外公家玩呢?
孤独的老人
我们家的孩子和外公并不是很亲,或许说我们家庭里的关系并不是非常紧密的。我印象里面外公在听我们说话的时候,总是似笑非笑地看着你,似乎你说的什么他都明白,就是不告诉你。
他永远保持那一个姿势,右手拿着烟,抬起来放在脸的附近。他年纪尚轻的时候说话的时候总是看着你的眼睛,年纪更大一些就不看着你了。7月20日,他去世的时候我还在U of C上课,当天早上出门的时候就觉得天色凄暗,有一些黑色的鸟飞得很慌张,到晚上回家表弟在线上告诉我他去世的消息的时候,我的眼前就出现他这个姿势。
真的,别人在想念自己的祖辈的时候都是想念祖辈对他们多么好。而我想起外公,就是他手里拿着烟,坐在沙发里沉思的情景。让你感觉他是一个孤独的老人。无法太亲近,就连被他叫到书房说话都是一种很受礼遇的事情。
他一生都在看书、写文章、在思考,他一直处于我不了解的状态。我只是知道他对名利看得很淡,你从没有听见他谈到钱,或者名气之类的问题。仅仅有一次,我短暂回国期间在上海找了一个工作。他问我工资够不够花,那是唯一涉及钱的一次。
他问:“那么你准备多久回来一次呢?你的工资够你这样回来吗?”
这个问题的问法很稀奇,他似乎是问我的钱够不够买回家的车票。
在我12岁,离开家的他特地对我叮嘱:你在国外一定要看中文书,因为在国外你本来就是二等公民,如果你不会中文了,你还算哪里人呢?连做中国人都不可以了。他还叮嘱我好好和妈妈相处,因为我国外在是要和妈妈住在一起。我知道他关心我,也希望我们常去看他,而最后我们都在国外忙生活,而没有做到在他身边常常陪他确是遗憾。
他一直喜欢养猫,从小就养,一辈子养过不知道多少猫。
也许因为我们不在他身边,暮年的时候他就更加喜欢猫。每天起身第一件事情就是给“欢欢” 拌饭吃,然后和“欢欢” 说话,深夜写字看书的时候,那只猫就一直在他的身边陪他。前两年,那只叫“欢欢”的猫去世的时候,他很伤心,说再也不养猫了。
在外公去世以后以后在看他的文字,才发现他内心很丰富细腻,也许是因为我们太小,所以他没有办法和我们沟通。他叼着烟沉思的时候,生活在另外一个世界里面:善良,美好,充满了童心。
我在看他的文章的时候,也看见了他写给外婆的纪念文章。《啊,你盼望的那个原野》,那是一段童话般的爱情,他们是在投奔延安的路上相遇的。外婆是国民党军官的小姐,人很秀丽,端庄,对外公,对家里的人都非常好。她一生甚至对外公都没有大声说过话。据说有一次,在文革抄家的时候,家里的东西被砸得乱七八糟的,她对外公奇怪地说,不是说抄家吗?为什么连我的西瓜也给砸烂了。似乎那时也没有生气。
他们一起幸福的生活到80年代初外婆去世,后来组织上给介绍了第二个外婆。
我有一个舅舅,三个姨妈。现在我妈妈和一个姨妈都在加拿大,另一个姨妈在北京作文字编辑,还有一个姨妈因为插队留在了外地至今没有调回北京,一个舅舅在当美术编辑。我妈妈很小的时候就弹钢琴,长大了在音乐学院里的教书。孩子都挺成才。姥姥管孩子,让他们愿意学什么学什么,很自由的发展。
而我们这一代的孩子,表哥,表姐,表弟,对艺术的感觉都很浓厚。不是拿着照相机到处走,就是习惯自己写点什么东西,即使都生活在国外。这也许是外公带给我们的最大的影响,虽然我们不是那么亲近,可是却留给我们最大的财富。
我们的心很柔和,还要继续保持柔和。
中文,中国人
《新生活》:你外公在你离开家的时候叮嘱你不要忘记中文,你有没有呢?
小丁:在我第一次出国的时候,外公专门给我买了一本《历代名家散文选》让我带出来看,告诉我到了国外就是外国人。你一定不要把中文丢了。
那时候我12岁,后来去过几个国家,会说流利的法语和英语,现在我还在看中文,说中文,读中文,虽然受得全是西式教育,却依然认为自己是中国人。现在想起来,我真的是一直遵循着外公的叮嘱。
我看到这里十几岁的孩子在家里只说英文,把中文全部忘记了,十分替他们可惜,因为他们把自己的语言都失去了。就再没有那通向回家的道路和归属感了。
《新生活》:在国外生活了这样久,你觉得中文对你还有影响?
小丁:我觉得,我们的确是处在中西文化的中间地带。我的教育,我的职业上的培训都是纯西式的。而东方人的传统,东方人的道德观,是我生命的一部分。所谓的根,有归属感。当然我也不承认自己完全是一个中国人,因为有中文我才是一个非常丰富的人。
比如很多境界,中文4个字表达的成语,英文要很长一段才可以描写。很多境界,只有中国人和中文可以表达。
虽然我在世界各地都住过。小的时候,别人问我你从哪里来,我当时想也许香港,还有台湾比中国听起来更好,但是我现在根本就不这样想了。
丰富的心灵,对功利的淡薄和不能忘记的中文都是我外公给我的丰富财产。
虽然没有手把手的教育我。但是他给了我一个中文习惯,对中文的喜爱一个阅读习惯。
《新生活》:因为你在国外生活了那么久,你还会嫁给一个外国人。
小丁:我没有种族观念。我的外公也说过,如果你能喜欢一个外国人也没有关系。
但是作为一个中国人,进入他们的文化不是一件容易的事情,更不容易进入他们的内心。
我用了很长的时间整理和小丁的谈话,透过她的率真,还有她对中文特别有感染力的驾驭能力,我希望可以看见那一位曾经带给新中国很多童话的老人的影子。
用了一个早晨整理这一篇采访,那些干净的文字,和文字间的美好感情,让我的心都是柔和的。
“不必再呼唤你的归来,你根本就没有离开。你就在我的身边,每朵花都可以作证明。
我放下了酒杯。
原谅我,我忘记了你是不会喝酒的。美好的感情,不靠酒来激发。我们的心很柔和,还要继续保持柔和。
你应该高兴,我们正在走向花的原野。
啊,你盼望的那个原野!”
-----严文井《啊,你盼望的那个原野》
Red Smith once said, “Writing is easy. All you do is sit down and open a vein.” This deliciously ironic statement hints at the intimate connection not only between writing and the body but also between the creative imagination and pain. Pain comes in all varieties and intensities, and psychic anguish can often prove more debilitating than physical ailments or wounds. Plenty of evidence testifies to the close bond between pain and giving birth to the creative arts: “To write . . . because it is an endless beginning, a constantly new first time, like intercourse or pain” (Gánther Kunert). In important ways, pain feeds and sustains human creativity. Making art involves, in quintessential ways, living at close psychic quarters with sacrificial human experience.
Susan Rubin Suleiman’s Exile and Creativity details many of the interconnections between suffering experienced in the twentieth century and its fertilizing effects on the imagination: “Ultimately, is not every poet or ‘poetic’ (exploring, rigorous) novelist an exile of sorts, looking in from outside onto a bright, desirable image in the mind’s eye . . . ?” In a similar vein, Czeslaw Milosz, who has written so sharply and poignantly of war and cultural dislocation, said in a recent interview, "The experience of exile is very difficult. It's an experience of isolation. . . . But if one can survive . . . it's good to have behind you such an experience." Anyone attuned to nuance, shadow, and the intricacies of emotion and thought will necessarily recoil from much that happens in the world every day. But what actually drives so many to write? The inner propulsion of pain, the desire for alleviation, and the hope for transfiguration into some form that will or can sustain us.
It can also be said that pain brings writers together with readers, since readers frequently resort to reading as an escape from mundanity or outright distemper or angst. Poetry serves this function particularly well, as poets seem of all writers most attuned to psychic disturbances, and readers turn to poetry most often in times of great emotional turmoil for solace, uplift, and renewal. This is not say we enjoy the woundedness that undergirds much reading and writing. Rather, the pain of human life finds its expression and transmutation in the arts, which—far from being inutile aesthetic excrescences of modern life—function on this level to acknowledge and heal the agonies of a given culture.
We would do well, therefore, to examine the ways in which pain informs and sustains quality writing and the current relation of American poets to it. Resurrecting and transmuting a long-since forgotten mediaeval idea, one could say that good reading and writing are in some special degree “purchased by” pain and that artists serve as the “purchasers” of a given culture, whose sacrifice ennobles and renders pain useful and transformative for all those in touch with it. William James finds in the saint “positive pleasure in sacrifice and asceticism, measuring and expressing as they do the degree of his loyalty to the higher power.” The idea of emotional or spiritual exchange arises from mythic foundations, specifically the sacrifice tradition in which a wounding gift of self paradoxically provides nourishing and fecund bounties. Frazier’s ceremony of “Carrying out Death” in The Golden Bough is accompanied by “bringing in Summer, Spring, or Life.”
If artists and writers truly function as the purchasers of pain in the society of their birth or residence, one may enquire about the kinds of pain purchased and the resulting benefits. Not much need be said of actual physical pain, which has produced its share of significant literary works. Indeed, one contemporary journal, Mediphors, devotes itself exclusively to literary works and photography related to medicine and health, including pain, surgery, disease, and recovery. Audre Lord’s cancer poems forthrightly discuss her loss of a breast due to cancer and the politics of gender and health. Other kinds of pain have predominated over the centuries, including romantic loss, alienation from God, self-disgust, and a whole host of afflictions that originate in being human and having an intense consciousness of the enticements, impossibilities, and frustrations of everyday life. These necessarily find their way into our literature, which serves to express and embody our collective pain and our struggles toward resurrection.
The pain experienced by artists is legendary, especially among poets. The United States has a long and by now nearly mythic tradition of poetic suicides and near-suicides among its great writers—Hart Crane, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Berryman among them. Inclusion of those who abused alcohol or drugs or isolated themselves into near-oblivion—Emily Dickinson, Delmore Schwarz, James Dickey, William Matthews—would swell the ranks considerably. To fundamentally pragmatic Americans, such a record indicates that poets are simply people who can’t cope, outdated versions of Thomas Love Peacock’s “semi-barbarians.” Despite the insanity and death in poverty of writers like Nikolaus Lenau, or the demise of Alexander Pushkin, who died in a duel, not to mention Goethe’s fictional young Werther, who initiated a whole generation of romantic suicides, America nonetheless appears to lead the world in the number of actual suicides by poets, at least in this century.
Another way of looking at this phenomenon would say that the “purchase price” for these poets has been too high and that twentieth-century American society has not been interested in this kind of artistic exchange. Emily Dickinson renounced “fame in her lifetime” and, in the land of Ben Franklin’s Poor Richard, left to posterity some 900 poems found by her sister Lavinia in “sixty little ‘volumes’ . . . tied together with twine.” In a hostile or oblivious social context, the poet’s transaction of pain on behalf of the culture goes unacknowledged, causing the pain to turn in on itself and self-destruct. (Lest one begin to think that such phrases as “purchasing pain” and “sacrificing on behalf of the culture” might be archaic or ineffectual, I would point out that sports and movie star celebrities routinely suffer pain which is shared and widely discussed in a variety of media outlets.) Although it is certainly true that poets are hypersensitive by temperament, the sheer number of poetic suicides suggests as well that America in some sense destroys its lyric self in pursuit of power and success. The American Dream, it appears, has a high spiritual price-tag, for which artists and particularly poets must pay.
Writing in the confessional mode of the 1960's and 1970's, and more recently in what Gregory Err calls the “postconfessional lyric”—“one of the dominant modes” in contemporary poetry—has tended to exult or wallow in pain. Plath’s poem, “Daddy,” for example, strikes one as brilliant but excessively personal and ultimately unhealthy. The poet excludes the world of the reader and offers precious little transformation, no escape from neurosis, for herself or anyone else. This narrowness does not ruin what remains a fascinating work of art, but it does limit the range and applicability of the poem’s emotions and judgment. Anne Sexton’s “insanity” poems have a similar feel of a poet in trauma who cannot find a way out and cannot even reach the side of the psychic pool to touch safe ground, let alone a fellow swimmer or lifeguard.
Much of the pain expressed in literary works arises from the fundamental, unavoidable stresses of being alive, the corporeal and incorporeal struggles dictated by our very aliveness. Nonetheless, it is interesting to look at the different ways writers have articulated their pain, though the sources are often similar. Some authors are very direct about addressing pain and acknowledging sacrifice. Sappho, for instance, names her pain directly and beautifully: “. . . I entreat you / not with griefs and bitternesses to break my / spirit, O goddess . . .” (“Invocation to Aphrodite”). Emily Dickinson is equally and powerfully blunt: “I can wade grief, / Whole pools of it” (J. 252) and “So we must meet apart, / You there, I here, / With just the door ajar / That oceans are . . . (J. 640). Edna St. Vincent Millay’s sonnet, “Love is not all . . .,” after cataloguing all the offices that love cannot do, ends the octet: “Yet many a man is making friends with death / Even as I speak, for lack of love alone.” Another of her sonnets, “What my lips have kissed . . .,” is equally direct: “. . . And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain / for unremembered lads that not again / Will turn to me at midnight with a cry.”
Other poets have remained more emotionally circumspect. Yeats, among the most sensitive and subtle of poets, nonetheless couches much of his pain; “Adam’s Curse” ends obliquely: “That it had all seemed happy, and yet we’d grown / As weary-hearted as that hollow moon.” Here the “hollow moon” is made to carry much of the freight of Yeats’ sense of loss. In Keats’ famous “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” the object of the title performs dispassionate service: “When old age shall this generation waste, / Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe / Than ours, a friend to man. . . . ”
In our own time, Alan Dugan’s striking poem, “Love Song: I and Thou,” distances self-disgust and masculine failure through the trope of the carpenter detesting his collapsing house: “By Christ / I am no carpenter, I built / the roof for myself, the walls / for myself, the floors / for myself, and got / hung up in it myself . . . .” In all these instances, pain is transmuted through intellectual distance or through projection onto objects (here one thinks also of many Donne poems, with their elaborate conceits).
Skeptics will surely ask, can’t one have poetry without pain? Certainly. One thinks of comic verse, certain forms of narrative poetry, celebratory odes, and much of today’s “spectator” poetry (more on that later). And the close intimacy between poetry and sacrifice should not be misconstrued as meaning that the arts must be depressing or negative; merely, that most great art acknowledges the pain we all know and deals somehow with it. Cervantes’ Don Quixote, among the finest of comic masterpieces, has pain laced all through it, inextricably. Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors, overall his most farcical play, hinges on the pain of two sets of twins separated at sea and features painful abuse of a loyal wife by her mistaken husband. Experts in comedy, from Bergson and Freud to Keaton and Chaplin, have recognized the roots of the comic in human pain and loss.
One turns, then, to contemporary writing to discover the kinds of pain peculiar to our time, finding that American poets continue to work against the prevailing pragmatic, commercial grain of American life. Since the modernist period, literature has suffered a conspicuous breakdown in communication between the arts community and the general public. The latter, under steady pressures by highly organized and heavily funded multi-national corporations, have turned their attention to popular entertainments, increasingly unwilling to expend the time and energy to read, say, The Waste Land, or The Sound and the Fury. The chasm has solidified further with the advent of over 3,000 creative writing programs nationwide, which train fledgling writers in intricacies of literary technique, approach, and style far beyond the comprehension of general readers. (It must be acknowledged that poets and writers remain in creative tension with the public at large through readings, book signings, and other kinds of interactions.) Dana Gioia laments a literary subculture that too often lives unto and for itself: “No longer part of the mainstream of artistic and intellectual life, [poetry] has become the specialized occupation of a relative small and isolated group.” Wendell Berry, in the same vein, accuses poets of becoming too specialized, of making “a religion of poetry” and separating themselves from other people.
The most noteworthy literature of any age serves to articulate our discomforts and to transfigure our pain into form and substance that can vitiate its power and heal our wounds. Yet postmodernism, the most prevalent mode of thinking in our time, conspicuously refuses this office, renouncing transfiguration as inauthentic: “postmodernist discourse is precisely the discourse that denies the possibility of ontological grounding.” In other words, the refusal or rejection of meaning is the “true meaning” of our time. So the artist’s task is reduced to playing with words and ideas rather than dealing with the hard edges of life in the world. On a parallel track, John W. Aldridge decries the contemporary vogue of minimalism precisely for its lack of courage in tackling the big issues: “It is clearly a fault of nearly all the younger writers I have discussed that they have so little of substance to say about the nature of contemporary life. . . .”
As for the actual purchase effected by sacrifice, the contemporary entrepreneurial forces at work in the larger society tend to undermine, even negate, such mythic transactions. Writing programs have sprouted up everywhere; they advertise heavily, charge tuition, and imply, if not promise, literary advancement and success. Thus, the means of economic production of literature have become systematized and commercialized, yielding a not insignificant profit. MFA programs do not want, however, to advertise pain, which any marketer of sense would scrupulously avoid; thriving enterprises are unlikely to question the worth or purpose of wares for which they are the primary vendors. Graduates from writing programs learn soon enough about pain on their own, experiencing a depressing rate of rejection in a hugely over-saturated market and discovering that a degree in writing guarantees precious little in the way of literary success and emotional reinforcement.
At bookstores, the climate has turned interestingly schizophrenic. On the one hand, national book chains have bought up independent stores, or driven them out of business, consolidating economic power and thereby rendering the book more of a pure retail commodity than ever before. In such an environment, a good book is one that sells lots of copies, not one that offers intellectual or spiritual insight (though that remains, of course, a plus). Barnes and Noble and Borders work hard to create oases of aesthetic consumption that include readings, signings, book groups, concerts, and other upbeat events designed to lure customers into bazaars of temptation. (The brochure of a bookstore nearby announces that “our highest priority is that you have a pleasant shopping experience with us.”) On the other hand, the books, CDs, cassettes, and other wares sold in an espresso-enhanced atmosphere frequently focus on, and sometimes wallow in, pain. It’s no surprise that biggest sales can be had in the self-help category, where timely products dealing with issues such as absent fathers, suicide, HIV, or mental illness find a ready audience.
In the context of this dualistic environment of escapism and pain, much poetry of the last decade has adopted the “spectator mode”: the author does not feel or think much of anything, at least not directly; instead, she or he looks at a painting or newspaper article and comments on the patterns or thoughts within that context, at a safe remove where one cannot be emotionally judged or found wanting. A typical example of this approach, “An Englishwoman in America,” by William Logan, appeared in the winter 1998 issue of Shenandoah. Adopting a setting of New Orleans, 1858, the poet as historically detached speaker reports that “Mrs. Sillery flirted with all the gentlemen / in true Southern fashion.” Here the immediacy of direct feeling is almost entirely negated in the triple distancing of time, space, and persona; we catch only a momentary glimpse of what Mr. Logan appears to think about issues of race and culture over a century ago.
Undoubtedly, the “spectator mode” of writing grows out of a largely passive video culture unaccustomed to making emotional or philosophical commitments in a period of profound moral confusion. Yet writers still sacrifice every day for their art: not only persevering through rejection by overstocked magazines and publishers, but also through public satiation with and general disregard for the struggles and victories of the artistic trade. Not surprisingly, many poets retreat unto themselves, producing works of great subtlety and originality and sending them to publishers and prize juries. However, most of this occurs without interaction with neighbors, without listening to local or regional concerns. In short, the literary enterprise as currently transacted too rarely encounters the larger culture in need. Relatively few contemporary poets acknowledge or write for the general public, and in some instances they seem actually to scorn what they regard as retrograde “Hallmark taste.” Too often, the transformation that might occur through direct contact with the public Other is not allowed to happen.
A number of commentators have suggested that American poets, hurt and angered by the public disregard, even disdain, for their rôle and sacrifice, have withdrawn to themselves and their admirers for succor and survival. On the face of it, this strategy seems logical as a human psychological response to rejection: “[The poet] must be indestructible as a poet until he is destroyed as a human being” (Delmore Schwartz). However, retreating to oneself represents a defeatist position; it neglects the real conflicts of the culture and instead seeks comfort for the individual writer. Essentially, we now have legions of poets—Donald Hall has estimated that some 40 million Americans write poetry—busily creating verses which they attempt to “sell,” ordinarily without pay, to anyone willing to heed or read them. The number of takers is precious few in most cases, and the wares they attempt to market remain largely self-conceived and self-circumscribed. In practice, many of today’s poets unconsciously concede that their work is useless without understanding or accepting the true social utility of poetry, which, for the most part, lies dormant except at weddings and funerals.
If poetry, and maybe all art, finds its sustaining roots in pain and sacrifice on behalf of the culture, then it makes sense that it should seek replenishment there. To Aristotle is attributed the aphorism that the writer should think like a philosopher and write for the common man (and woman), which grows out of his advocacy in The Poetics for diction that is at once clear, composed of “ordinary words for things,” and yet contains “strange words, metaphors . . . and everything that deviates from the ordinary modes of speech.” In the past several years, major efforts have been initiated to bring poets and the public together. Poet Laureate Robert Pinsky’s Favorite Poem Project—a great popular and marketing success—has bridged gaps between Americans of all walks of life and poets both living and dead. Reading series, poetry slams, and conferences at public venues have further narrowed the distance between writers and readers. This is only a start, but it represents a new effort of reaching out toward the broader public after the rarefied modernist and postmodernist movements.
From the point of view of literary history, popularizing poetry to mainstream American society requires a reorientation from decadent late romanticism, or Northrop Frye’s ironic “mythos of winter,” to a more public mode of literary discourse that “transcends or illuminates the ills of modern life” (Christopher Clausen). Poets need to evolve beyond the postconfessional lyric and the American obsession with self in order to make their work accessible and relevant in a time of many challenges and much confusion. The pain of contemporary writers is by no means unique, but we are the first generation to be threatened by multi-national corporate capitalism and widespread degradation of the global environment, as well as by dozens of searingly tragic conflicts and atrocities. The pain of trying to create and sustain a fulfilling individual life in the midst of deeply troubling realities must be somehow transmuted and “purchased” by today’s artists on behalf of the entire culture. This is a daunting task, but one that offers, as always, great potential for solace, growth, and renewal, for ourselves as well as for others.
少时,从青海回到北京以后,我家的中秋月饼都一切四瓣。虽然爸爸妈妈不喜欢吃甜食,但是这个数目刚刚好:爸爸,妈妈,我和弟弟。
在北京时的中秋,一家人都在一起。桌子上总有切好的月饼,和北京秋天特有的玫瑰葡萄、裂嘴的石榴。走过许多路以后,在秋天的夜里还依然记起那暗暗流动的甜香。
妈妈因为从小住校,做出来的饭菜一直是最简单的。虽然她做完饭总是很快乐的叫:“大毛,二毛,三毛…吃饭了。”她想象象养小猪一样养了一群快乐的小孩,一个,两个,三个…因为她的饭菜味道实在强差人意,所以小时候我和弟弟的游戏之一就是:炒鸡蛋,我把所有可以用的原料都倒在一起,包括和香酱油和香油。弟弟因此对我非常崇拜,说姐姐炒地鸡蛋天下第一。等我上了中学,炒鸡蛋的游戏就成了一个好姐姐给一个馋弟弟照着菜谱做红烧肉。他当然更加崇拜,说我的红烧肉比食堂都好吃3倍。有一个中秋节,我和弟弟下午在家,就着一锅很好的红烧肉,又切了月饼,把别人送的一瓶桂花陈酒都喝光了。等父母回家,看见两个醉熏熏的小孩在各自的房间里呼呼大睡,怎么叫也叫不醒。我们就那么睡过了一个中秋之夜。
离开家的前一个中秋,我买了一盒描金漆盒装的七星伴月回家。其实都是用父母的钱,然而他们还是感动的不行。就像爸爸,你给他到张一元买一两新季的茗前白毫,他一定要和叔叔伯伯都显摆一下。所以那一盒月饼,他们吃得仔细,还要教育弟弟。弟弟当时嘟嘟囔囔说,你们有姐姐孝顺,他自然就去孝顺丈母娘了。这话成为他少不经事的罪状,时时被提起。估计到他自己做了爸爸那一天,也依然会被妈妈念叨。
以后隔年回家,发现那只漆盒子妈妈还留着。她说起有一次掉了块月饼在上面,盒子自己“音乐” 起来,而且还旋转,原来是有机关的音乐盒,所以不肯丢。可是这么多年,那盒子用多少月饼去砸已经不会旋转和音乐了,她还一直用它装各种糖果。
这些年,假如记得买了月饼,即使一个人,我也依然习惯把月饼慢慢切成四瓣。
我知道爸爸妈妈也一样。即使,在我和弟弟都不在身边。